Build an information highway is not as simple as saying: "Prove-
a child of wires everywhere. "Any government or a company engaged in the
construction would have to closely monitor new developments and
be ready to change course. Such flexibility requires technology
the experience, and therefore it can provide only industry, and not the government
tion.
Competition in the private sector market promises to be brutal. Cable,
telephone and other companies will compete for the right to build and support
derzhki fiber optic infrastructure, wireless and satellite
lines of communication. Manufacturers will fight for the supply of certificates
faith, A TM-kommutatorov prefixes and television network companies, and
as for sales of personal computers, digital televisions, phones
the new devices and other information to consumers. At the same time, the company
of that produce software products, including Apple, AT & T,
IBM, Microsoft, Oracle and Sun Microsystems, will continue to offer network
vayderam its program components. As a result, emerging around
be a powerful network of industry millions of companies and individuals whose
commodity-based applications and information, including entertainment.
I have spoken at some length about how important it is to create a physical
- economic infrastructure, which will provide connectivity to the home systems
networks with high capacity. I spoke about competition in the USA
Strategy and key players in the market, cable and telephone companies
tions. Cable companies younger and compact phone, but because, as
rule, and predpriimchivee. Cable television systems, oputyvaya pot-
plant-Wide Web coaxial and fiber-optic cables - rarer,
provide high-quality video transfer only one side. While
the extent of their spread around the world relatively small (189 millions
subscribers), cable system runs next to 70% of American
houses bear signal in almost 63 million homes. Now cable systems
gradually moving on the transfer of digital signals, and some quality
oils companies are working on the possibility of connecting PC users
for Internet and operational services. They have a stake in what many of
these people, who are used to exchange information via telephone
the line at speeds of 28800 bits per second, agree to pay more for
data transmission on the cable television at a speed of 3 million bits of
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Regarding the telephone companies, their strengths in another: they
a much stronger financially. The American telephone system
is the world's largest dial-a distributed network, providing
virtue pairs (point-to-point) connect subscribers. Joint Market
Local telephone services, bringing in the year 100 billion dollars
profits considerably cheaper than the cable business with its 20 milliarda-
slave. The seven regional offices Bell companies compete with their former
our cradle-company AT & T for the right to co-distance and
tovuyu communications, as well as provide a number of new services. But, like other topic
lefonnye companies world-office Bell novices in the world of competition, ac
wa betraying the yoke of severe restrictions on their activities.
The increased competition will drive local telephone company.
They now occupy a defensive position. At their territory attack
other phone companies and cable; last intend to submit
hold the whole spectrum of communication services. The new legislation would obviate
restrictions on their competition, which, as I have already noted, will lead to knowledge
muscle falling prices of long-distance telephone calls. If it is to serve
cohorts, telephone companies will have to forget about their current profit.
Local companies are too slow in the implementation of its newest network
digital communication: not want to rush it was because of competition
they protect powerful financial constraints. They knew that the potential
competitors will have to double investments in equipment (say, 100
millions of dollars) in order to compete with them on the territory. But
the price of switching equipment and fiber-optic lines
falling each year.
This means that the companies faced the same problems as the transfer
Ed man who can never decide to buy a computer. That
whether wait falling prices and rising productivity, whether to buy equipment
along right now and start working faster. On the face of this dilemma, and
some grid companies. They must continually be improved.
The company will benefit, if not become a rush to the costs of the acquisition
cables and switches, but may permanently lose in the market place, which
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Telephone companies, in spite of its enviable profits, not always
have the necessary means to root network modernization, and
restrictions on profits do not allow them to raise fees for phone success
meadows, and even used to finance new activity recognition
were the current services. And who poruchitsya that shareholders accustomed
Bell receive from the solid dividends, would agree to put profits
the creation of the information superhighway.
Almost a hundred years of telephone companies, as regulated monopolies, still
tihonku earn money. And suddenly had become offices Bell
intercede in the market - the company equally radical change as peredel-
k tractor racing car. Of course, this is possible (ask your decision
Lamborghini repaid from the company, which produces both), but the task
not an easy one.
And if phone companies provide users access to PCs
ISDN- networks, there is a new source of profits, and this could encourage them to
lower prices to gain mass market. According to my expectations, the introduction
along ISDN happen faster than cable networks. Telephone companies
now does soobrazhayut how to use a pair of plaited least the last
they hundred meters before the houses while maintaining high throughput
the ability to transfer data. Growing demand for such services will allow
to succeed, and telephone and cable companies, expanding opportunity through
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Ambitions cable and telephone companies go beyond mere creation
the channel transfer bits. Imagine that you are a manager at a company
delivery of bits. How to earn more money if you already spread to his
conductor held territory, and in every house? You can feed more tickets
ing, but customers are not able to sit in front of televisions and computers
more than 24 hours a day. It remains an alternative-to benefit from transfer
redavaemoy information. Many see the information highway svoeob-
different "food chain", at the lower end of which is the delivery and distribution
develop bits, but at the top-a variety of products, applications and services
Services. Companies bringing bits are interested in moving the conversation
Up to a profit of possession bit, but not from the transfer.
That is why cable companies, regional phone companies and chased
toviteli consumer electronics so eager to work with Hollywood
the studio, television producers and other intellectual
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Some companies are investing money, because it does not cause fear
miss. Long time distribution of information for them was very high Affairs
fit, mainly because of monopoly backed by government
tion. When these monopolies are eliminated and the competition started Emerging
ADSL bits ceased to bring the old profit. Companies that heritage
deyutsya through investment and / or its influence to participate in the creation of Applications
tion and services, as well as information material for the preparation of small
tain must hurry, yet another possibility open. Selected
of these companies can produce themselves, or to finance production
prefixes to connect televisions. They could offer (in terms
context lease with a monthly payment) connected to the information highway
surprises in conjunction with the television console, the attendant packages
programs and services. Because of the way cable television systems, as well
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Network operators, which include the prefix in the monthly television
syachnuyu payment standard set of services that will be able to attract customers who
are still doubt whether they spend several hundred dollars on
this prefix. As I have explained, in the early years there is a real risk
of that consoles will be quickly outdated, so why should they buy?
Although the supply of these machines and will require additional network operators
primary enforcement costs, the cost will be not in vain if it is the help
Jet create a critical mass of users. However, the government has provided
pokoeno that control console network operators to deliver
a privileged position, which will enable them to reap unjustified
by the profits. Network operators who receive control over prefixes,
subsequently want to gain control over software
applications and services associated with these devices. As a result of the student
pants selling their films will be very limited choice. One
the most difficult issues to be decided by ual
tions, must be whether to provide a variety of services equal access to communication lines
and prefix. The argument in favor of that, if the service would be different users
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Sell customers prefixes attract retailers at the end
finally, they sell televisions and personal computers! Companies
consumer electronics manufacturing will surely want to compete systems
sheets in the production of prefixes. They will offer the entire range of models, from
fancy and expensive for tolstosumov, to simple and cheap for people
Conventional wealth. If television network devices will be installed
tevye companies, retailers to do not work. In information
industries cellular telephone systems, the problem is being addressed partial subsidies
dirovaniem: You buy a cell phone retailer, but price
well, includes cost of the cellular services company, which will service you
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Cable and telephone companies will be the main (but not edinstvenny-
mi) competitors in providing access to the network. Railway companies
in Japan, for example, learned that he owned plots of land on which
Crimea railroad track and represent the ideal place to lay
the fiber optic cable. Suppliers of electricity, as well as gas
and plumbing services in many countries soobrazili too, and that they can
Gut, in residential and office space, not only their communications.
Some of them claim that the computerization of supplying heat in the homes of savings
konomit so much money that they have enough to more than cover for laying volokonno-op-
cratic cables. And because electricity consumption drop, and then
the need to build new power plants will no longer
det such acute. For example, in France most of the cables authorities
the two biggest water company. But, at least outside of France
tions, traditional utilities are unlikely to be involved in construction
tion line.
Maybe you surprised why I did not mention the direct satellite
communications and other such technologies, the major cable competitors and
telephone. As I said, modern satellite technology
yet falls. It makes it possible to transmit broadcast
tive excellent video quality, but will need to present technical
nologichesky push before satellites will be able to communicate these signals
each TV or personal computer. At United Market
States will have to go through this technology path from today's systems with 300
prior to the satellite channels on the system with 300000 channels, even assuming
at the same time ensure that the signal must be less than 1% receivers.
Because of the fact that satellites do not provide a channel for feedback, that is
unable to deliver signals from homes in the network, and thus do not permit
to make this interactive, video-type applications continue
Chemicals can not be realized through a satellite. A partial solution to this
problem-use as a channel for feedback telephone leasing
tions. In some systems, direct broadcast satellite (for example, in the system
topic DIRECTV owned Hughes Electronics) for the transfer of account
Information Center toll on the program you have chosen, involved
conventional telephone lines. With the help of special additional units
satellite broadcasters can transmit information not only on TV
delighted, but on computers. For some applications for data transmission
such channels can be a successful interim solution.
The company Teledesic, which we Mak-Ko my friend Craig (Craig
McCaw) invested, is trying to overcome the limitations of satellite
through the use of technology more satellites in low orbits
Tahu. Alleged scale of the system is very ambitious. It unites
about 1000 satellites rotating in the orbit in 50 times closer to Earth than
the traditional geostationary satellites. The proximity to the Earth means that
these satellites will be needed in 2500 times smaller power, and that they expanded
Illness possibility of two-way communication. This would obviate the problem of feed-back
communications. Will also avoid noticeable lag signal neizbezhno-
go through the use of conventional satellites. LEO satellites will be able to
afford the same speed over long distances, like the water
lokonno-opticheskie line. Now the company faces mass Teledesic
problems legislative, technical and financial nature, and the tower
det several more years before they can be overcome. If this semi
cohorts, Teledesic and similar systems will be the first affordable, and on significant
ing the only systems that can bring the highway up to many
planet sites. Indeed, most of the people of Asia and Africa are unlikely to continue
upscaling in the next 20 years, access to the fiber-optic networks.
Another fast-growing terrestrial wireless technology
communications. Television signals are transferred to the high ranges
and the lowest frequencies, takes mainly on fiber leasing
's. The aim of this move is to give every possible admission prospects
tenants and video work online. Meanwhile
the means of voice and other types of low-speed connection with the transfer pro
water for wireless transmission that can support growing
stability of society. Here is a perfect fit kompyuter-bumazhnik, on which
I told thorium. But so far none of the existing technologies are not in
able to combine high-quality video with mobility: besprovod-
by the system does not allow the transfer of broadband signal, it can
carry only network based on fiber optic cables.
Initially, the competition for the right to be promoted to first provide the population
of interactive services, but as soon as all prospective areas will be
divided between the companies, will begin bitter struggle for access to "Chu
zhoy "market. Curiously, in a business related to cable TV, rarely
arise "alternative" system: those who came later, not zarabatyva-
are money. If each house to connect two or more universal quality
belnym systems, this would create competition, but would require unacceptable
cost.
Servers information superhighway should be a very powerful computers
giant frame with the amount of memory, they will work for 24 hours and 7 days
in the week. Competition for their delivery will be too fierce. Different
companies different image of the server architecture and strategy
Design. And it was not surprising that the point of view of potential competitors
at these problems depend on their expertise in different areas. After all, if
the only tool you have, hammer, it's
soon, any new problem you seem something like a nail, which
these have scored a hammer. Producers minicomputers (say,
Hewlett Packard) server to a group of minicomputers.
Most companies producing mainly personal computers
Dancers seem to be cheaper and more reliable to combine a large number of under -
dear PC. Meynfreymam specialists, such as IBM, adapted by
servers their cars. They cherish the hope that the information highway
is the last bastion of powerful meynfreymov.