Build an information highway is not as simple as saying: "Prove- a child of wires everywhere. "Any government or a company engaged in the construction would have to closely monitor new developments and be ready to change course. Such flexibility requires technology the experience, and therefore it can provide only industry, and not the government tion.
Competition in the private sector market promises to be brutal. Cable, telephone and other companies will compete for the right to build and support derzhki fiber optic infrastructure, wireless and satellite lines of communication. Manufacturers will fight for the supply of certificates faith, A TM-kommutatorov prefixes and television network companies, and as for sales of personal computers, digital televisions, phones the new devices and other information to consumers. At the same time, the company of that produce software products, including Apple, AT & T, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle and Sun Microsystems, will continue to offer network vayderam its program components. As a result, emerging around be a powerful network of industry millions of companies and individuals whose commodity-based applications and information, including entertainment.
I have spoken at some length about how important it is to create a physical - economic infrastructure, which will provide connectivity to the home systems networks with high capacity. I spoke about competition in the USA Strategy and key players in the market, cable and telephone companies tions. Cable companies younger and compact phone, but because, as rule, and predpriimchivee. Cable television systems, oputyvaya pot- plant-Wide Web coaxial and fiber-optic cables - rarer, provide high-quality video transfer only one side. While the extent of their spread around the world relatively small (189 millions subscribers), cable system runs next to 70% of American houses bear signal in almost 63 million homes. Now cable systems gradually moving on the transfer of digital signals, and some quality oils companies are working on the possibility of connecting PC users for Internet and operational services. They have a stake in what many of these people, who are used to exchange information via telephone the line at speeds of 28800 bits per second, agree to pay more for data transmission on the cable television at a speed of 3 million bits of second.
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Regarding the telephone companies, their strengths in another: they a much stronger financially. The American telephone system is the world's largest dial-a distributed network, providing virtue pairs (point-to-point) connect subscribers. Joint Market Local telephone services, bringing in the year 100 billion dollars profits considerably cheaper than the cable business with its 20 milliarda- slave. The seven regional offices Bell companies compete with their former our cradle-company AT & T for the right to co-distance and tovuyu communications, as well as provide a number of new services. But, like other topic lefonnye companies world-office Bell novices in the world of competition, ac wa betraying the yoke of severe restrictions on their activities.
The increased competition will drive local telephone company. They now occupy a defensive position. At their territory attack other phone companies and cable; last intend to submit hold the whole spectrum of communication services. The new legislation would obviate restrictions on their competition, which, as I have already noted, will lead to knowledge muscle falling prices of long-distance telephone calls. If it is to serve cohorts, telephone companies will have to forget about their current profit.
Local companies are too slow in the implementation of its newest network digital communication: not want to rush it was because of competition they protect powerful financial constraints. They knew that the potential competitors will have to double investments in equipment (say, 100 millions of dollars) in order to compete with them on the territory. But the price of switching equipment and fiber-optic lines falling each year.
This means that the companies faced the same problems as the transfer Ed man who can never decide to buy a computer. That whether wait falling prices and rising productivity, whether to buy equipment along right now and start working faster. On the face of this dilemma, and some grid companies. They must continually be improved. The company will benefit, if not become a rush to the costs of the acquisition cables and switches, but may permanently lose in the market place, which Roe will take a less cautious competitors.
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Telephone companies, in spite of its enviable profits, not always have the necessary means to root network modernization, and restrictions on profits do not allow them to raise fees for phone success meadows, and even used to finance new activity recognition were the current services. And who poruchitsya that shareholders accustomed Bell receive from the solid dividends, would agree to put profits the creation of the information superhighway.
Almost a hundred years of telephone companies, as regulated monopolies, still tihonku earn money. And suddenly had become offices Bell intercede in the market - the company equally radical change as peredel- k tractor racing car. Of course, this is possible (ask your decision Lamborghini repaid from the company, which produces both), but the task not an easy one.
And if phone companies provide users access to PCs ISDN- networks, there is a new source of profits, and this could encourage them to lower prices to gain mass market. According to my expectations, the introduction along ISDN happen faster than cable networks. Telephone companies now does soobrazhayut how to use a pair of plaited least the last they hundred meters before the houses while maintaining high throughput the ability to transfer data. Growing demand for such services will allow to succeed, and telephone and cable companies, expanding opportunity through receive profits.
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Ambitions cable and telephone companies go beyond mere creation the channel transfer bits. Imagine that you are a manager at a company delivery of bits. How to earn more money if you already spread to his conductor held territory, and in every house? You can feed more tickets ing, but customers are not able to sit in front of televisions and computers more than 24 hours a day. It remains an alternative-to benefit from transfer redavaemoy information. Many see the information highway svoeob- different "food chain", at the lower end of which is the delivery and distribution develop bits, but at the top-a variety of products, applications and services Services. Companies bringing bits are interested in moving the conversation Up to a profit of possession bit, but not from the transfer. That is why cable companies, regional phone companies and chased toviteli consumer electronics so eager to work with Hollywood the studio, television producers and other intellectual property.
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Some companies are investing money, because it does not cause fear miss. Long time distribution of information for them was very high Affairs fit, mainly because of monopoly backed by government tion. When these monopolies are eliminated and the competition started Emerging ADSL bits ceased to bring the old profit. Companies that heritage deyutsya through investment and / or its influence to participate in the creation of Applications tion and services, as well as information material for the preparation of small tain must hurry, yet another possibility open. Selected of these companies can produce themselves, or to finance production prefixes to connect televisions. They could offer (in terms context lease with a monthly payment) connected to the information highway surprises in conjunction with the television console, the attendant packages programs and services. Because of the way cable television systems, as well worked up to lift restrictions and telephone companies.
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Network operators, which include the prefix in the monthly television syachnuyu payment standard set of services that will be able to attract customers who are still doubt whether they spend several hundred dollars on this prefix. As I have explained, in the early years there is a real risk of that consoles will be quickly outdated, so why should they buy? Although the supply of these machines and will require additional network operators primary enforcement costs, the cost will be not in vain if it is the help Jet create a critical mass of users. However, the government has provided pokoeno that control console network operators to deliver a privileged position, which will enable them to reap unjustified by the profits. Network operators who receive control over prefixes, subsequently want to gain control over software applications and services associated with these devices. As a result of the student pants selling their films will be very limited choice. One the most difficult issues to be decided by ual tions, must be whether to provide a variety of services equal access to communication lines and prefix. The argument in favor of that, if the service would be different users be the one line, the government will not have to deal with compliance corresponding standards and compatibility issues.
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Sell customers prefixes attract retailers at the end finally, they sell televisions and personal computers! Companies consumer electronics manufacturing will surely want to compete systems sheets in the production of prefixes. They will offer the entire range of models, from fancy and expensive for tolstosumov, to simple and cheap for people Conventional wealth. If television network devices will be installed tevye companies, retailers to do not work. In information industries cellular telephone systems, the problem is being addressed partial subsidies dirovaniem: You buy a cell phone retailer, but price well, includes cost of the cellular services company, which will service you live.
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Cable and telephone companies will be the main (but not edinstvenny- mi) competitors in providing access to the network. Railway companies in Japan, for example, learned that he owned plots of land on which Crimea railroad track and represent the ideal place to lay the fiber optic cable. Suppliers of electricity, as well as gas and plumbing services in many countries soobrazili too, and that they can Gut, in residential and office space, not only their communications. Some of them claim that the computerization of supplying heat in the homes of savings konomit so much money that they have enough to more than cover for laying volokonno-op- cratic cables. And because electricity consumption drop, and then the need to build new power plants will no longer det such acute. For example, in France most of the cables authorities the two biggest water company. But, at least outside of France tions, traditional utilities are unlikely to be involved in construction tion line.
Maybe you surprised why I did not mention the direct satellite communications and other such technologies, the major cable competitors and telephone. As I said, modern satellite technology yet falls. It makes it possible to transmit broadcast tive excellent video quality, but will need to present technical nologichesky push before satellites will be able to communicate these signals each TV or personal computer. At United Market States will have to go through this technology path from today's systems with 300 prior to the satellite channels on the system with 300000 channels, even assuming at the same time ensure that the signal must be less than 1% receivers.
Because of the fact that satellites do not provide a channel for feedback, that is unable to deliver signals from homes in the network, and thus do not permit to make this interactive, video-type applications continue Chemicals can not be realized through a satellite. A partial solution to this problem-use as a channel for feedback telephone leasing tions. In some systems, direct broadcast satellite (for example, in the system topic DIRECTV owned Hughes Electronics) for the transfer of account Information Center toll on the program you have chosen, involved conventional telephone lines. With the help of special additional units satellite broadcasters can transmit information not only on TV delighted, but on computers. For some applications for data transmission such channels can be a successful interim solution.
The company Teledesic, which we Mak-Ko my friend Craig (Craig McCaw) invested, is trying to overcome the limitations of satellite through the use of technology more satellites in low orbits Tahu. Alleged scale of the system is very ambitious. It unites about 1000 satellites rotating in the orbit in 50 times closer to Earth than the traditional geostationary satellites. The proximity to the Earth means that these satellites will be needed in 2500 times smaller power, and that they expanded Illness possibility of two-way communication. This would obviate the problem of feed-back communications. Will also avoid noticeable lag signal neizbezhno- go through the use of conventional satellites. LEO satellites will be able to afford the same speed over long distances, like the water lokonno-opticheskie line. Now the company faces mass Teledesic problems legislative, technical and financial nature, and the tower det several more years before they can be overcome. If this semi cohorts, Teledesic and similar systems will be the first affordable, and on significant ing the only systems that can bring the highway up to many planet sites. Indeed, most of the people of Asia and Africa are unlikely to continue upscaling in the next 20 years, access to the fiber-optic networks.
Another fast-growing terrestrial wireless technology communications. Television signals are transferred to the high ranges and the lowest frequencies, takes mainly on fiber leasing 's. The aim of this move is to give every possible admission prospects tenants and video work online. Meanwhile the means of voice and other types of low-speed connection with the transfer pro water for wireless transmission that can support growing stability of society. Here is a perfect fit kompyuter-bumazhnik, on which I told thorium. But so far none of the existing technologies are not in able to combine high-quality video with mobility: besprovod- by the system does not allow the transfer of broadband signal, it can carry only network based on fiber optic cables.
Initially, the competition for the right to be promoted to first provide the population of interactive services, but as soon as all prospective areas will be divided between the companies, will begin bitter struggle for access to "Chu zhoy "market. Curiously, in a business related to cable TV, rarely arise "alternative" system: those who came later, not zarabatyva- are money. If each house to connect two or more universal quality belnym systems, this would create competition, but would require unacceptable cost.
Servers information superhighway should be a very powerful computers giant frame with the amount of memory, they will work for 24 hours and 7 days in the week. Competition for their delivery will be too fierce. Different companies different image of the server architecture and strategy Design. And it was not surprising that the point of view of potential competitors at these problems depend on their expertise in different areas. After all, if the only tool you have, hammer, it's soon, any new problem you seem something like a nail, which these have scored a hammer. Producers minicomputers (say, Hewlett Packard) server to a group of minicomputers. Most companies producing mainly personal computers Dancers seem to be cheaper and more reliable to combine a large number of under - dear PC. Meynfreymam specialists, such as IBM, adapted by servers their cars. They cherish the hope that the information highway is the last bastion of powerful meynfreymov.